The Tripoli War, also known as the 1911-1912 Turkish-Italian War, was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Italy between 1911 and 1912. Although its name was "Tripoli War", the clashes continued in different regions outside Tripoli, such as the Adriatic Sea, the Aegean Islands, the Dardanelles and the Red Sea. Italy, which won the war due to the support of other great powers and the outbreak of the First Balkan War, captured the Tripoli, Fezzan and Cyrenaica regions of the Tripoli Province of the Ottoman Empire. These regions will unite and form the future Libyan state.

While the war was continuing, Rhodes and the Dodecanese Islands were occupied by Italian forces, and Italy promised to return the Dodecanese Islands to the Ottoman Empire with the Treaty of Ushi signed after the war. However, the uncertainty of the treaty left the islands under temporary Italian administration, and Turkey renounced all its claims on these islands in the 15th article of the Treaty of Lausanne signed in 1923. Dodecanese Islands II. After World War II, it came under the control of Greece.

Flying over Ottoman territory on October 23, 1911, Italian Captain Carlo Piazza made the first military reconnaissance flight in history. Giulio Gavotti carried out an air attack against the Ottoman forces in Libya with an Etrich Taube model plane on November 1, and this attack went down in history as the first air attack. Ottoman soldiers, who did not have any air defense weapons, managed to shoot down a plane with rifle fire. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the future president of the Republic of Turkey and leader in the War of Independence, played an active role during the war with the rank of major and led the Battle of Tobruk.