Proclamation of the Republic and Revolutions

PROCLAMATION OF THE REPUBLIC AND REVOLUTIONS REVOLUTIONS REFLECTIONS IN TÜRKİYE AND EUROPE

Ataturk Revolutions (also referred to as Ataturk Reforms, Kemalist Revolution, Turkish Revolution, Republican Revolution, etc.) after World War I, with the transformation of the theocratic and multinational Ottoman State into the secular, democratic nation-state Turkey. It is the general name of a series of social, cultural, legal and physiological regulations implemented with the strategies, suggestions and initiatives of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey.

According to some sources, the revolutions began with the organization of the resistance movement in Anatolia by Mustafa Kemal after the country surrendered to the Allies in 1919. Some accept that the convening of a national assembly and the promulgation of laws on taxes and treason, and then the promulgation of the constitutional Teşkilât-ı Esasîye (Teşkilât-ı Esasîye), begin with the revolutions.

Except for a mass movement limited to resistance against the occupation in the country the day after World War I, there was no rebellion or mass movement that triggered the destruction of the old regime. By 1923, a group within the old regime had established itself in power, creating a second center of power and gradually changing the social fabric, and therefore the period between 1919 and 1923 was called "passive revolution".With the seizure of power and the disappearance of the traditional aristocracy, the centralized national state was strengthened; Later the industry was started.
It is widely believed that Ataturk's Revolutions, as a historical process, are the continuation of the innovation and modernization movements of the Tanzimat Period, which started in 1839 in the Ottoman Empire and ended with the declaration of the First Constitutional Monarchy in 1876.However, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was not satisfied with the goals of the constitutional intellectuals; Going beyond the suggestions of modernists for switching to Latin letters, obtaining a citizenship law from the West, and closing madrassas and lodges, it also implemented the revolutions of proclamation of the republic, abolition of the caliphate, secularism and granting political rights to women.

Some revolutions carried out under the guidance of Ataturk were criticized by conservative and Islamist circles in Muslim societies and accused of being anti-religious practices. Pakistan's first foreign minister, Muhammad Zafirullah Khan, made an official visit to Turkey in 1951 upon the instruction of the Pakistani prime minister. In his memoirs, he describes Turkey after Ataturk as follows: "After the Ataturk revolution, the general opinion of Islamic countries was that religious values ​​were disrespected in Turkey. But what I saw was the opposite and I saw that the rumors were just an accusation."